冰醋酸，也就是無(wú)水乙酸。它是一種羧酸物，屬于弱酸類(lèi)，由烴基和羧基相連，其分子表達(dá)式為C2H4O2。但由于冰醋酸中的醋酸含量高,一般都在95%以上,其揮發(fā)酸所占比重大,故表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的揮發(fā)性。冰醋酸是重要的化工原料,廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)藥、有機(jī)化工、有機(jī)合成、合成纖維、高分子化工、農(nóng)藥、制革、橡膠等行業(yè)。冰醋酸是有機(jī)酸中重要的一種,在有機(jī)合成方面主要用于合成一氯乙酸,乙酸乙烯,氨基酸等.冰醋酸作為精細(xì)化工產(chǎn)品.在醫(yī)藥工業(yè),食品工業(yè)等行業(yè)亦有著廣闊的市場(chǎng).冰醋酸作為化學(xué)試劑也是常用的品種之一。
Glacial acetic acid, that is, anhydrous acetic acid. It is a carboxylic acid, belonging to weak acids, connected by hydrocarbon and carboxyl groups, and its molecular expression is c2h4o2. However, due to the high content of acetic acid in glacial acetic acid, generally above 95%, its volatile acid accounts for a large proportion, so it shows strong volatility. Glacial acetic acid is an important chemical raw material, which is widely used in pharmaceutical, organic chemical, organic synthesis, synthetic fiber, polymer chemical, pesticide, leather, rubber and other industries. Glacial acetic acid is an important kind of organic acid. It is mainly used in organic synthesis to Synthesize Monochloroacetic Acid, vinyl acetate, amino acid, etc. glacial acetic acid, as a fine chemical product, also has a broad market in pharmaceutical industry, food industry and other industries. Glacial acetic acid, as a chemical reagent, is also one of the commonly used varieties.
理化性質(zhì)
Physical and chemical properties
1.物理性質(zhì)。冰醋酸是一種無(wú)色透明的液體，它屬于飽和一元酸，它的主要成分中是水，并且含有一定的乙醛、乙酸酐、甲酸等，在其中也含有一些其它的氧化物。其沸點(diǎn)在118℃，而熔點(diǎn)是16.6℃，并且其每一百克的溶解度為8。具體來(lái)講，其物理性質(zhì)主要表現(xiàn)在下面的幾個(gè)方面:
1. Physical properties. Glacial acetic acid is a colorless and transparent liquid, which belongs to saturated monobasic acid. Its main component is water, and contains certain acetaldehyde, acetic anhydride, formic acid, etc., and also contains some other oxides. Its boiling point is 118. D egree. C. and its melting point is 16.6. D egree. C., and its solubility per 100 grams is 8. Specifically, its physical properties are mainly shown in the following aspects:
(1)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量。冰醋酸有著自己的化學(xué)式，冰醋酸的分子量大概是60.05。擁有著這樣的分子質(zhì)量的冰醋酸，通過(guò)很多的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明其成品是一種處于動(dòng)態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)下的液體。而影響冰醋酸的物理性質(zhì)的也就是兩個(gè)平衡。這兩個(gè)平衡分別是醋酸和二聚醋酸的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡以及醋酸和醋酐的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。
(1) Relative molecular mass. Glacial acetic acid has its own chemical formula, and the molecular weight of glacial acetic acid is about 60.05. Glacial acetic acid with such molecular mass has been proved to be a liquid in dynamic equilibrium through many experiments. The physical properties of glacial acetic acid are affected by two equilibria. These two equilibria are the dynamic equilibrium of acetic acid and dimeric acetic acid and the dynamic equilibrium of acetic acid and acetic anhydride respectively.
(2)凝固點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)講，液體變?yōu)榫w的過(guò)程就是凝固，而凝固點(diǎn)則是指一個(gè)溫度，這個(gè)溫度所在液體會(huì)變成固體，當(dāng)然凝固點(diǎn)因各種液體的性質(zhì)而有所不同。在冰醋酸中，由于冰醋酸是一種水混合物，其凝固點(diǎn)與水有著密切的關(guān)系。往往在冰醋酸中加入一些水，就可以降低其凝固點(diǎn)。普遍來(lái)講，如果冰醋酸的水混合物并沒(méi)有參雜別的東西，那么冰醋酸的凝固點(diǎn)是16℃。
(2) Freezing point. Generally speaking, the process of liquid changing into crystal is solidification, and the freezing point refers to a temperature at which the liquid will become solid. Of course, the freezing point is different due to the properties of various liquids. In glacial acetic acid, because glacial acetic acid is a mixture of water, its freezing point is closely related to water. The freezing point of glacial acetic acid can be lowered by adding some water. Generally speaking, if the water mixture of glacial acetic acid is not mixed with anything else, the freezing point of glacial acetic acid is 16 ℃.
(3)飽和蒸汽壓和沸點(diǎn)。飽和蒸汽壓是液體或者固體在一定的溫度下，處于平衡的狀態(tài)的蒸汽所具有的壓力。而在冰醋酸的飽和蒸汽壓，發(fā)生在溫度為20℃，并且其蒸汽壓為1．5KPa。
(3) Saturated vapor pressure and boiling point. The saturated vapor pressure is the pressure of the vapor in the equilibrium state of the liquid or solid at a certain temperature. While the saturated vapor pressure of glacial acetic acid occurs at a temperature of 20. D egree. C. and its vapor pressure is 1.5 kPa.
(4)密度與溶解性。對(duì)于任何的一個(gè)物質(zhì)的物理性質(zhì)的講述都離不開(kāi)對(duì)其密度的講述，對(duì)冰醋酸也是一樣。一般來(lái)講，在正常的狀態(tài)下，冰醋酸的密度應(yīng)該為1049.55kg?cm-3。當(dāng)然它的密度并不是一成不變的，而是會(huì)隨著溫度、質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的不同，也相應(yīng)的發(fā)生一些變化。
(4) Density and solubility. The description of the physical properties of any substance can not be separated from the description of its density, and the same is true for glacial acetic acid. Generally speaking, under normal conditions, the density of glacial acetic acid should be 1049.55kg? cm-3。 Of course, its density is not constant, but will change with the temperature and mass fraction.
而對(duì)于冰醋酸的溶解性則在常溫下，它可以溶于水以及一些郵寄溶液。例如，乙醇、乙醚、四氯化碳及甘油等。
As for the solubility of glacial acetic acid, it can be dissolved in water and some mailing solutions under normal temperature. For example, ethanol, ether, carbon tetrachloride and glycerol.
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